The Big Picture of Business: Putting Budgeting Into Perspective, The Bigger Picture of Strategic Planning

Frame of reference is everything in business. Different people within the same organization have contrasting views as to the Business They’re Really In.

The term Budgeting gets tossed around in many ways. Budgets get blamed for gridlock. Budgets get politicized.

Budgets get more attention than the umbrellas under which they rightfully belong: Strategic Planning and Visioning.

Budgeting by itself is a minor piece of business strategy. By itself, Budgeting does not constitute full-scope planning and business strategy. Budgeting is a peg in the process.

Questions to follow in Budgeting as part of Strategic Planning and Visioning processes include:

  • Does this process increase your accountability to funding sources and to the public?
  • Are budgeting measures used to manage performance?
  • Is the performance management system focused upon outcomes?
  • Are the key measures the best representation of progress of the institution?
  • Can the benchmarking information be accessed regularly?
  • How well can management interpret and apply findings to the decision process?
  • Does your strategic plan adequately describe what you do?
  • Does the strategic plan provide necessary guidance to the activities you will measure?
  • How diverse is the planning committee?
  • Do performance measures provide an early warning system for problems?
  • How do you handle crisis management and preparedness?
  • Have you prioritized and fully defined key measures and non-key measures?
  • Have you done scenario planning of measures beyond your immediate control, i.e. external factors which profoundly impact your livelihood?
  • Do the measures address both internal management and external perceptions and accountabilities?
  • Performance measures should be included in contracts with all resources, such as adjuncts, vendors, suppliers. Supply chain management should be implemented. Quality management should be implemented.
  • Adjustments must be periodically made to target markets, definition of terms and modification of strategies.

Organizations start out to be one thing, but they evolve into something else. In their mind, they’re one thing. Other people think they are something else. Priorities change. Dedicated providers of the service stated in the original company mission become frustrated when they don’t understand the reasons for shifting priorities.

Most often, what organizations say they do in external promotions to potential customers actually ranks low on the actual priority list. That occurs due to the agendas of individuals who guide the organization…departing from the core business for which founders were presumably educated and experienced. Add to that the harsh realities of doing business and staying competitive.

Here is an average priority ranking for companies-organizations:

  1. Revenue volume and its rewards (bonuses for key management).
  2. Growth, defined as increasing revenues each year (rather than improving the quality of company operations).
  3. Doing the things necessary to assure revenue (billings, sales, add-on’s, marketing). Keeping the cash register ringing… rather than focusing upon what is being sold, how it is made and the kind of company they need to be.
  4. Running a bureaucracy.
  5. Maintaining the status quo. Keeping things churning. Making adjustments, corrections or improvements only when crises warrant (band-aid surgery).
  6. Glory, gratification and recognition (for the company and for certain leaders).
  7. Furthering stated corporate agendas.
  8. Furthering unwritten corporate agendas.
  9. Courting favor with opinion leaders.
  10. Actually delivering the core business. Making the widget itself. Doing what you started in business to do…what you tell the customers that you do.
  11. Doing the things that a company should do to be a good company. Processes, policies and procedures to make better widgets and a better organization.
  12. Customer service, consideration or follow-up beyond the sale.
  13. Looking after the people, in terms of training, empowerment, resources and rewards.
  14. Giving back to those who support the company.
  15. Advancing conditions in which core business is delivered.
  16. Walking the Talk: ethics, values, quality, vision.
  17. Giving back to the community, industry, Body of Knowledge.

People in the organization who do things below the top nine priorities have vastly different perceptions of the organization, its mission, their role and the parts to be played by others:

  • Some jockey for position… to make their priority seem to advance higher.
  • Some keep people on the low rungs in check, assuring that their priorities remain low.
  • Some become frustrated because others’ priorities are not theirs.
  • Some build fiefdoms within the organization to solidify their ranking.
  • Some do their job as well as possible, hoping that others will recognize and reward their contributions.
  • Some don’t think that they’re noticed and simply occupy space within the organizational structure.
  • Some try to take advantage of the system.
  • Some are clueless as to the existence of a system, pecking order, corporate agendas, company vision or other realities.

7 Steps Toward Getting Budgets Accepted More Readily:

  1. Commitment toward strategic planning for your function-department-company.
  2. Know your values.
  3. Refine your values.
  4. Control your values.
  5. Add value via internal services.
  6. Take ownership of your values.
  7. Continue raising the bar on values.

7 Stages in Making a Case for Business Funding:

  1. Link to a strategic business objective.
  2. Diagnose a competitively disadvantaging problem or an unrealized opportunity for competitive advantage.
  3. Prescribe a more competitively advantaged outcome.
  4. Cost the benefits of the improved cash flows and diagram the improved work flows that contribute to them.
  5. Collaborate with others.
  6. Maintain accountability and communications toward top management.
  7. Contribute to the organization’s Big Picture.

Rules for Budgeting-Planning:

  1. Use indicators and indices wherever they can be used.
  2. Use common indicators where categories are similar, and use special indicators for special jobs.
  3. Let your people participate in devising the indicators.
  4. Make all indicators meaningful, and retest them periodically.
  5. Use past results as only one indicator for the future.
  6. Have a reason for setting all indicators in place.
  7. Indicators are not ends in themselves…only a means of getting where the organization needs to go. Indicators must promote action. Discard those that stifle action.

Base Budgets on Value, Not on Cost

  1. Readily measurable values:
    • Time and cost of product development-service delivery cycles.
    • Reject, rework and make-good rates.
    • Downtime rates and meantime between downtimes.
    • Meantime between billings and collections.
    • Product-service movement at business-to-business levels.
    • Product-service movement at retail levels.
    • Product-service movement in the aftermarket (re-sales, repeat business, referrals, follow-up engagements).
  2. Values in terms of savings:
    • Time and motion savings.
    • Inventory costs.
    • Speed of order entry.
  3. Values in terms of efficiencies:
    • Meantime between new product introductions.
    • Forecast accuracy, compared to actual results.
    • Speed, accuracy and efficiency of project fulfillment.
    • Productivity gained.
    • Continuous quality improvement within your own operation.
  4. Values which benefit other aspects of the company operation:
    • Quality improved on behalf of the overall organization.
    • Creative new ideas generated.
    • Empowerment of employees and colleagues to do better jobs.
    • Information learned.
    • Applications of your work toward other departments’ objectives.
    • Satisfaction in your service elevated.
    • Voiced-written confidence, recognition, referrals, endorsements, etc.
    • Capabilities enhanced to work within the total organization.
    • Reflections upon the organization’s Big Picture.
    • Contributions toward the organization’s Big Picture (corporate vision).

About the Author

Hank Moore has advised 5,000+ client organizations worldwide (including 100 of the Fortune 500, public sector agencies, small businesses and non-profit organizations). He has advised two U.S. Presidents and spoke at five Economic Summits. He guides companies through growth strategies, visioning, strategic planning, executive leadership development, Futurism and Big Picture issues which profoundly affect the business climate. He conducts company evaluations, creates the big ideas and anchors the enterprise to its next tier. The Business Tree™ is his trademarked approach to growing, strengthening and evolving business, while mastering change. To read Hank’s complete biography, click here.

Budget Management Warning Flag 1 – Across the Board Cuts

Turbulent economic times typically require budgetary constraint and even cutbacks. As business slows and revenues decline, executives demand managers reduce spending and increase production efficiency. Waste cannot be tolerated and must be rooted out.

In response to calls for spending cuts and out of a sense of ‘fairness’, executives and managers often demand across-the-board expenditure reductions; ensuring the pain associated with such cuts are shared by all within the organization. This common action, however, fails to recognize that different operations and initiatives contribute unique value to the organization – some far more than others. While, high-returning programs suffer equitably from the cutbacks, the organization suffers an unnecessarily and disproportionately elevated loss as the realization of the high returns are delayed in favor of continued pursuit of lower value activities.

Budget cuts should therefore be treated like any other resource restraint during the planning process. Low priority operations and initiatives losing funding in part or whole before high priority, high value activities. While not all inclusive, the four lists below, Process-Based Warning Flags, Process Execution Warning Flags – Behaviors, Potential, Observable Results, and Potential Causes, are designed to help organization leaders to recognize whether their rebudgeting efforts fail to consider the value proposition of effected activities. Only after a problem is recognized and its causes identified can the needed action be taken to move the organization toward improved performance.

Process-Based Warning Flags

  • Programmatic triggers exist that automatically implement across-the-board cuts when initiated
  • Corporate policies direct or encourage across-the-board cuts or are silent as to how budget cuts should be made
  • Strategic planning programs do not assess the organizational value contribution of operations and initiatives being funded
  • Lack of organizational performance measures associated with budget performance
  • Executives and managers do not have personal performance goals tied to budget accuracy and performance

Process Execution Warning Flags – Behaviors

  • Executives and managers implement across-the-board budget cuts in response to economic downturns or market turbulence
  • Executives and managers favor across-the-board employee pay reductions rather than workforce rightsizing
  • Executives subjectively select operations and initiatives to be funded during the planning process rather than systematically assessing the value contribution of each activity
  • Executives and managers are not held accountable for achieving operational returns on investment by senior leaders and/or the Board of Directors
  • Executives and managers are not held accountable for the accuracy and stewardship of their budgets on a routine basis

Potential, Observable Results

  • Defunding, slowing of progress on high-value returning initiatives while other lesser value creating activities are continued
  • Budget cuts are equally divided between employees, workgroups, and projects
  • Loss of and diminished productivity among highly talented employees as a result of across-the-board pay reductions

Potential Causes

  • Executives and managers seeking equitable distribution of the challenges associated with the budget cuts
  • Executives and managers seeking to reduce the replanning burden associated with budget cuts
  • Executives and managers view budget cuts as something other than a replanning activity
  • Executives and managers do not fully understand or appreciate the impacts of not considering the value contribution of people and activities when implementing across-the-board budget cuts

Budget Development Best Practice 1 – Maintain Confidentiality During Budget Development

Budgets are the financial representation of an organization’s business plan. As such, they convey a great deal of information regarding the organization’s direction – its ongoing operations, market pursuits, future investments, and staffing levels. And while it is important to include the workforce in the formulation of these plans, it is equally important to maintain the confidentiality of information providing competitive advantage or that may unnecessarily alarm workers. Such information should be communicated in a deliberate, sensitive manner at an appropriate time and place. Therefore, managers should ensure an appropriate degree of budget confidentiality is maintained throughout the development process.

Practices for Maintaining Confidentiality

While not intended to be all-inclusive, the following actions should be taken to maintain budget confidentiality:

  • Do not leave budgets in plain sight of subordinates during interactions not specifically focused on the budget or its development
  • Do not leave budgets unattended and unsecure in offices and conference rooms
  • Password protect budgets stored on computers or other electronic storage devices
  • Limit access to budgeting and other financial applications
  • Provide subordinates with views to only those portions of the budget they need to see for assigned work
  • Do not verbally communicate budget information that you would not share electronically or in writing

Particularly Sensitive Budget Information

Budget information related to personnel matters is particularly sensitive and may be disruptive to the organization if unintentionally leaked. Examples of this information includes:

  • Staffing levels and overall staffing budget allocations
  • Efficiency savings to be realized by concluding projects (assuming that staffing reductions are one area of savings)
  • Workforce pay increase percentage and bonus allotments
  • Executive and management pay increase percentage and bonus allotments
  • Individual project budget information

Communicating the Budget

The final organization budget should be communicated in a deliberate and coordinated manner. In our experience, communication of the budget best occurs shortly following a presentation of the organization’s annual business plan. Individuals should not be allowed to infer staffing reductions, pay cuts, lost bonuses, or disruption of their workgroup tasking through their own interpretation of the budget but should have these points conveyed to them outside and prior to the specific budget discussion. Individual compensation must remain a private conversation between a manager and his/her subordinate.

Budget Development Warning Flag 1 – Division by Twelve Budgeting

Annual budget development is often time consuming and tedious, one of the evil necessities of managing a business. Subsequently, managers frequently seek shortcuts to reduce this burden; one such burden reducing action being the equal distribution of budget revenues and expenditures during each of the fiscal year’s twelve months.

Estimating revenues and expenses on an annualized basis and then equally spreading these funds over twelve months presents several risks to the business and often results in added long-term work for the responsible manager. On the revenue side, businesses seldom enjoy a steady, ongoing income. Subsequently, budgets making this assumption fail to predict cash flow shortages; endangering business operations continuity. Additionally, initiatives may be unnecessarily delayed because of erroneous projections of cash shortfalls. On the cost side, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual billings also disrupt cash flow estimates and may dangerously hamper business operations.

…and all of these budget inaccuracies and their associated business impacts will need to be explained by the responsible manager during what will become very uncomfortable budget reviews.

Perfect budget planning is unachievable. However, managers should seek to reasonably estimate the timing and magnitude of monthly revenues and costs and avoid the use of ‘division by twelve’ budget smoothing. While not all inclusive, the four lists below, Process-Based Warning Flags, Process Execution Warning Flags – Behaviors, Potential, Observable Results, and Potential Causes, are designed to help organization leaders to recognize whether their budget planning efforts are reflective of reasonably anticipatable business activities or the result of inappropriate monthly smoothing. Only after a problem is recognized and its causes identified can the needed action be taken to move the organization toward improved performance.

Process-Based Warning Flags

  • Budget development policies do not demand month-by-month revenue and cost recognition planning
  • Managers are not provided with historical seasonal revenue trends
  • Finance personnel do not provide managers with the estimated timing of expenses to be incurred by their workgroup
  • Few or no managerial performance measures associated with budget accuracy
  • Few or no individual managerial performance goals associated with budget accuracy and adherence, particularly on a monthly basis

Process Execution Warning Flags – Behaviors

  • Executives allow managers to practice ‘division by twelve’ budget planning during the budget development, review, and approval process
  • Executives do not hold managers accountable for revenue and expenditure deviations during monthly budget reviews
  • Executives hold managers accountable for budget management goals only on an annual basis

Potential, Observable Results

  • Budgets show consistently level revenues even though business operations and sales tend to be seasonal
  • Budgeted expenses are spread equally among all twelve months of the year
  • Month end budget reconciliations infrequently match planned budgets
  • Periods of extreme cash shortfalls and/or overages are frequently realized
  • Operations are halted or slowed as a result of cash shortfalls
  • Projects are not initiated even though there are actual excess cash reserves to do so (the projected budget indicates a lack of cash to begin the project)

Potential Causes

  • Executives and managers do not fully understand or appreciate the ramifications of inaccurate budgets on cash flows and their associated impacts on business operations
  • Managers believe that ‘division by twelve’ budget planning will simplify the budget development and management process
  • Managers seeking to minimize the burden associated with budget development

The Big Picture of Business – Planning and Budgeting in Downsized Times

Getting the funds that you need from tight fisted management is an ongoing process. Cash outlays are justifiable either by dollars they bring in or dollars they stand to save for the organization. Cash outlays are always risks. Justify your risks in proportion to riskier ones they have previously funded. Validate your worth to the overall company operation.

Under the rules of supply chain dynamics, one must study your supplier relationships, formalize a plan of outsourcing and develop collaborations.

Methods of changing the way that you go for funds include:

  • Take money with you. Show returns or savings on previous appropriations.
  • Position your request as an investment, not a cost.
  • Sell management-clients on acquiring more returns on their investments, not just on making further investments.
  • Be visible when funds are flowing.
  • Reduce management’s risk in doing business with you.
  • Be a consistent producer of profit-improving outcomes, not just a spotty or hit-and-miss producer.

Corporate management has three alternatives for funding every department: (1) Must fund. (2) May or may not fund. (3) Will not fund. The three horsemen of funding are: (1) How much. (2) How soon. (3) How sure.

These are ways to advance your funding process:

  • Put money in management’s pockets.
  • Get to the front of the line for funding requests.
  • Acquire an upper-management mindset.
  • Condense the funding cycle.
  • Become top management’s partner in efficiency of operations.

Base Budgets on Value… Not on Cost

1. Readily measurable values:

  • Time and cost of product development-service delivery cycles.
  • Reject, rework and make-good rates.
  • Downtime rates and meantime between downtimes.
  • Meantime between billings and collections.
  • Product-service movement at business-to-business levels.
  • Product-service movement at retail levels.
  • Product-service movement in the aftermarket (resales, repeat business, referrals, followup engagements).

2. Values in terms of savings:

  • Time and motion savings.
  • Inventory costs.
  • Speed of order entry.

3. Values in terms of efficiencies:

  • Meantime between new product introductions.
  • Forecast accuracy, compared to actual results.
  • Speed, accuracy and efficiency of project fulfillment.
  • Productivity gained.
  • Continuous quality improvement within your own operation.

4. Values benefiting other aspects of the company operation:

  • Quality improved on behalf of the overall organization.
  • Creative new ideas generated.
  • Empowerment of employees and colleagues to do better jobs.
  • Information learned.
  • Applications of your work toward other departments’ objectives.
  • Satisfaction in your service elevated.
  • Voiced-written confidence, recognition, referrals, endorsements, etc.
  • Capabilities enhanced to work within the total organization.
  • Reflections upon the organization’s Big Picture.
  • Contributions toward the organization’s Big Picture (corporate vision).

7 Steps Toward Getting Your Budgets Accepted More Readily:

  1. Commitment toward strategic planning for your function-department-company.
  2. Know your values.
  3. Refine your values.
  4. Control your values.
  5. Add value via internal services.
  6. Take ownership of your values.
  7. Continue raising the bar on values.

7 Stages in Making a Case for Business Funding:

  1. Link to a strategic business objective.
  2. Diagnose a competitively disadvantaging problem or an unrealized opportunity for competitive advantage.
  3. Prescribe a more competitively advantaged outcome.
  4. Cost the benefits of the improved cash flows and diagram the improved work flows that contribute to them.
  5. Team the project.
  6. Maintain accountability and communications toward top management.
  7. Contribute to the organization’s Big Picture.

Reasons for Goal Setting:

  1. Human beings live to attract goals.
  2. Organizations get people caught in activity traps… unless managers periodically pull back and reassess in terms of goals.
  3. Managers lose sight of their employees’ goals. Employees work hard, rather than productively. Mutually agreed-upon goals are vital.
  4. People caught in activity traps shrink, rather than grow, as human beings. Hard work that produces failures yields apathy, inertia and loss of self-esteem. People become demeaned or diminished as human beings when their work proves meaningless. Realistic goals can curb this from happening.
  5. Failure can stem from either non-achievement of goals or never knowing what they were. The tragedy is both economic and humanistic. Unclear objectives produce more failures than incompetence, bad work, bad luck or misdirected work.
  6. When people know and have helped set their goals, their performance improves. The best motivator is knowing what is expected and analyzing one’s one performance relative to mutually agreed-upon criteria.
  7. Goal attainment leads to ethical behavior. The more that an organization is worth, the more worthy it becomes.
  8. Most management subsystems succeed or fail according to the clarity of goals of the overall organization.

How to Find Goals:

  1. Examine problems.
  2. Study the organization’s core business.
  3. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.
  4. Portfolio analysis.
  5. Cost containment.
  6. Human resources development.
  7. Motivation and Commitment.

Make Goal Setting a Reality:

  1. Start at the top.
  2. Adopt a policy of strategic planning.
  3. Strategic goals and objectives must filter downward throughout all the organization.
  4. Training is vital.
  5. Continual followup, refinement and new goal setting must ensue.
  6. Programs must be competent, effective and benchmarked.
  7. A corporate culture must foster all goal setting, policies, practices and procedures.

Priorities:

  1. Focus on important goals.
  2. Make goals realistic, simple and attainable.
  3. Reward risk takers.
  4. Recognize that trade-offs must be made.
  5. Goals release energy.
  6. Information leads to dissemination, leading to teaching-training, leading to insight, leading to understanding, leading to knowledge, leading to wisdom.
  7. View goals as long-term, rather than short-term.

Rules for Budgeting-Planning:

  1. Use indicators and indices wherever they can be used.
  2. Use common indicators where categories are similar, and use special indicators for special jobs.
  3. Let your people participate in devising the indicators.
  4. Make all indicators meaningful, and retest them periodically.
  5. Use past results as only one indicator for the future.
  6. Have a reason for setting all indicators in place.
  7. Indicators are not ends in themselves…only a means of getting where the organization needs to go.
  8. Indicators must promote action. Discard those that stifle action.

Developmental Discipline:

  1. Discipline at work is accepted, for the most part, voluntarily. If not voluntarily accepted, it is not legitimate.
  2. Discipline is a shaper of behavior, not a punishment.
  3. The past provides useful insights into behavior, but it is not the only criteria to be used.

Applying Developmental Discipline:

  1. Rules and regulations must be known by all employees.
  2. Disciplinary action should occur as close to the time of violation as possible.
  3. The accused person must be presented with the facts and the source of the facts.
  4. The specific rule that was broken must be stated.
  5. The reason for the rule being enacted should be stated.
  6. The accused person must be asked if he-she agrees with the facts, as stated. If the reply is affirmative, he-she should justify the behavior.
  7. Corrective action should be discussed in positive and pro-active terms.

Ways in Which Goals Improve Effectiveness:

  1. Defines effectiveness as the increase in value of people and their activities as resources.
  2. Recognizes that humans are achievement and success creatures.
  3. Goals infuse meaning into work and work into other aspects of life. Life is fully lived when it has meaning.
  4. One cannot succeed without definitions of success. One must expect something to achieve success.
  5. Failure is inevitable and is the best learning curve for success.
  6. One’s goals start from within, not from work situations. The goal-oriented person adapts to the work environments.
  7. Collaborations with other people create success. One cannot be successful alone or working in a vacuum.
  8. One is always dependent upon other people, and other people are dependent upon you.
  9. Commitments must be made to other people.
  10. One must view the future and change as affirmative, in order to succeed.
  11. Knowledge of results is a powerful force in growing and learning.
  12. Without goals, one cannot operate under self-control.
  13. Objectives under one’s own responsibility helps one to identify with the objectives of the larger organization of which he-she is a part. Sense of belonging is enhanced.
  14. Achieving goals which one set and to which one commits enhances a person’s sense of adequacy.
  15. People who set and are striving to achieve goals together have a sense of belonging, a major motivator for humanity.
  16. Because standards are spelled out, one knows what is expected. The main reason why people do not perform is that they do not know what is expected of them.
  17. Through goal setting and achievement, one becomes actualized.
  18. Goal setting creates a power of one’s life…especially the part that relates to work.
  19. With goals, one can be a winner. Without goals, one never really succeeds…he-she merely averts-survives the latest crisis.

About the Author

Hank Moore has advised 5,000+ client organizations worldwide (including 100 of the Fortune 500, public sector agencies, small businesses and non-profit organizations). He has advised two U.S. Presidents and spoke at five Economic Summits. He guides companies through growth strategies, visioning, strategic planning, executive leadership development, Futurism and Big Picture issues which profoundly affect the business climate. He conducts company evaluations, creates the big ideas and anchors the enterprise to its next tier. The Business Tree™ is his trademarked approach to growing, strengthening and evolving business, while mastering change. To read Hank’s complete biography, click here.